Il sito archeologico di Toprak Tepe, l’antica città romana e bizantina di Irenopolis, situata nell’antica provincia anatolica della Cilicia, nell’attuale Turchia, è stato teatro di una sorprendente scoperta da parte del team di archeologi turchi che stava effettuando degli scavi in quella zona. Si tratta di cinque pagnotte di pane carbonizzate, risalenti al VII-VIII secolo, giunte fino a noi in uno stato di conservazione straordinario
L’importanza di questo ritrovamento risiede principalmente nel fatto che uno dei pani mostra un’immagine di Gesù Cristo accanto a un’iscrizione in greco in cui si legge «Con la nostra gratitudine al Beato Gesù». «A differenza dell’immagine tradizionale del Pantocratore, che raffigura Cristo come sovrano e salvatore, questo pane lo mostra come un contadino, simboleggiando il legame tra fede, lavoro e fertilità agricola», hanno dichiarato i ricercatori. Ma come hanno fatto questi pani di 1.300 anni fa ad arrivare fino a noi in uno stato di conservazione così buono? Secondo gli archeologi, l’eccezionale conservazione delle pagnotte è stata possibile grazie al fatto che il luogo in cui sono state sepolte dopo il processo di carbonizzazione era privo di ossigeno e ha mantenuto una temperatura che ha permesso la loro eccellente conservazione. Tutto ciò li ha resi i pani liturgici più eccezionali mai scoperti in Anatolia
I ricercatori affermano che il fatto che l’iscrizione con l’immagine di Cristo fosse stata incisa nell’impasto prima della cottura e successivamente carbonizzata dimostra che «il pane era un’espressione di fede e devozione che offre una visione chiara delle credenze delle comunità cristiane che abitavano la zona durante il periodo bizantino medio».Gli archeologi hanno identificato impronte della Croce di Malta sugli altri quattro pani. Questa iconografia, di cui si hanno pochi riferimenti nel mondo bizantino, pone l’accento su una visione più terrena di Cristo, che potrebbe essere associata alle diverse fasi della vita, alla fertilità e al lavoro, situazioni in cui l’immagine di Cristo era collegata a quella di un essere «datore di vita» attraverso i frutti della terra. I ricercatori sono certi che questa iconografia non fosse solo decorativa, ma fosse una manifestazione di pietà popolare che vedeva in Cristo un riflesso del proprio duro lavoro.
Nel caso degli altri quattro pani scoperti, gli archeologi hanno identificato su di essi impronte della croce di Malta, il cui simbolismo era molto diffuso nell’arte e nella cultura cristiana, in particolare durante il Medioevo. «La loro presenza incisa sul pane rafforza la natura religiosa e probabilmente liturgica di tutte queste pagnotte», conclude uno dei ricercatori.
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