La SIP – Società Idroelettrica Piemontese (dal 1985 SIP – Società Italiana Per l’Esercizio delle Telecomunicazioni p.a.) fu la principale azienda di telecomunicazioni italiana (appartenente al gruppo IRI), attiva dal 1964 al 1994, poi trasformata in Telecom Italia spa
È stata una società di telecomunicazioni sorta dalla fusione di diverse società: STIPEL, TELVE, TIMO, TETI e SET. Sorta nel 1899 come azienda di produzione elettrica SIP – Società Idroelettrica Piemontese, dopo la nazionalizzazione dell’industria elettrica italiana (1963), reimpiegò i capitali derivanti dal rimborso della cessione forzosa degli impianti, investendo nel settore telefonico. Al momento della sua nascita, la nuova SIP contava, su tutto il territorio nazionale, 4.220.000 abbonati, 5.530.000 apparecchi telefonici in servizio e 27.600 posti telefonici pubblici. Negli anni sessanta, grazie a un accordo con la RAI – Radiotelevisione Italiana, la SIP iniziò a gestire il servizio aggiuntivo della filodiffusione, al quale avevano accesso a pagamento tutti gli abbonati al telefono. Negli anni ’70 SIP provvide ad installare circa 30.000 ulteriori cabine telefoniche in tutta Italia Nel 1976 la SIP introdusse sperimentalmente la prima scheda telefonica a banda magnetica per far fronte ai furti di gettoni telefonici dai telefoni pubblici e per fornire agli utenti una soluzione più comoda rispetto agli ingombranti gettoni. Per avere la piena diffusione di telefoni pubblici basati su schede telefoniche standard, occorrerà però attendere la fine degli anni ottanta. Nel 1973 a Roma venne introdotto in forma sperimentale il Servizio Radiomobile di conversazione, a cui seguirà il lancio dell’RTMI, il primo servizio di telefonia radiomobile in Italia, con copertura estesa a quasi tutto il territorio del Paese: consentiva chiamate dirette dall’utente radiomobile alla rete fissa, e dalla rete fissa al radiomobile, però passando per l’operatore. La metà degli abbonati al servizio risiedevano a Roma ed a Milano. Nel 1979, sempre a Roma, vennero posati i primi 16 km di fibra ottica in Italia. Nel 1985 la società trasformò la propria denominazione in SIP – Società Italiana Per l’Esercizio delle Telecomunicazioni p.a. Nello stesso anno lanciò il Videotel, servizio di accesso a fornitori telematici di informazioni, per cui era necessario noleggiare un terminale video con tastierino (un anticipo “storico” di alcune funzionalità del world wide web). Nel 1986 versava allo Stato 630 miliardi di lire a titolo di canonedi concessione per il servizio di telefonia. Nel settembre dello stesso anno, la saturazione della rete RTMI spinse SIP ad introdurre il nuovo network di telefonia mobile RTMS, sviluppato da Italtel, coprendo con il nuovo sistema l’intero territorio nazionale entro il 1989, anno in cui si raggiunsero i 100.000 abbonati.
Gli anni ’90 e la privatizzazione
Nell’aprile 1990 SIP rese operativo il nuovo sistema radiomobile analogico ETACS: il successo raggiunto con l’introduzione di questo nuovo network fu tale da farla diventare l’operatore radiomobile europeo con il maggior numero di abbonati.
Nel 1991 l’azienda attivò la rete integrata digitale di fonia più dati ISDN. Nell’ottobre dello stesso anno, a Roma, iniziò la sperimentazione della rete radiomobile digitale GSM, poi lanciata commercialmente nel 1995. A fine 1993 gli utenti SIP erano oltre 24 milioni. Il 58% delle azioni SIP era detenuto dalla STET. Nel 1994 la SIP cambiò nome in Telecom Italia in vista della successiva privatizzazione.
Apparecchi telefonici prodotti
Nella sua storia quasi trentennale, la SIP commercializzò, tra l’altro, i telefoni corded per utenza residenziale Bigrigio, Pulsar e Sirio (prodotti da Sit-Siemens, Brondi, Face Standard, Italtel ed altri partner), e il telefono pubblico Rotor, sostituito dal 2002, con il modello Digito. A0850
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