Bi-direzionale. Così potremmo definire la comunicazione tra il cervello e l’intestino, ovvero tra i due cervelli: uno in testa l’altro in pancia. Michel D.Gershon, professore di Patologia e Biologia Cellulare, all’Università di Columbia (USA) – definito il padre della neurogastroenterologia
– si fece conoscere nel 1998 per un lavoro fondamentale sul controllo neuronale del comportamento gastrointestinale e sullo sviluppo del sistema nervoso enterico (ENS), nel quale sono presenti 500 milioni di neuroni capaci sia di regolare l’attività gastrointestinale sia di influenzare il benessere mentale (stress, ansia e tensioni). Gli studi precedenti avevano accertato come il microbiota influenzasse il cervello (asse intestino-cervello), ma era meno nota la capacità di quest’ultimo di indirizzare l’ecosistema microbico presente nella cavità intestinale. Una ricerca di un gruppo di scienziati della August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research di Barcellona, pubblicata sulla rivista scientifica “Nature Metabolism”, ha utilizzato metodi avanzati per verificare come specifici segnali neurali, provenienti da regioni dell’ipotalamo, potessero modificare la composizione dei batteri intestinali in tempi estremamente rapidi (da 2 a 4 ore).
Questo studio segna una svolta nel comprendere la bi-direzionalità dell’asse cervello-intestino: una linea di comunicazione che ha il suo corrispettivo, opposto a quello enterico, nell’attività cerebrale che interviene nella combinazione della flora batteria intestinale.
Avvalendosi della chemogenetica – una tecnica utilizzata nelle neuroscienze per controllare l’attività neuronale in modo selettivo e non invasivo – i ricercatori hanno potuto attivare o inibire particolari neuroni nell’ipotalamo, in particolare quelli stimolanti l’appetito o coinvolti nella percezione di sazietà. Questa manipolazione ha prodotto effetti immediati: in alcune regioni intestinali (in particolare nel duodeno), con l’attivazione, si è osservata una fioritura della diversità batterica; mentre in altre, con l’inibizione, si è ottenuto un notevole calo di certe popolazioni batteriche.
Ormoni con funzioni opposte nel metabolismo energetico – come la leptina (che segnala la sazietà) e la grelina (che segnala la fame) – sembrano coordinare la modulazione con il sistema nervoso simpatico che funge da canale per trasmettere questi segnali. In sintesi, l’ipotalamo è il centro di controllo che regola il bilanciamento di questi due ormoni: quando il corpo ha bisogno di energia, aumenta la produzione di grelina e, invece, quando ha riserve sufficienti, la leptina segnala invece la sazietà.
Il lavoro svolto dall’Istituto di Barcellona dimostra che il cervello non è solo influenzato dal microbiota intestinale, ma può anche regolare attivamente, in tempi brevissimi, la composizione di quest’ultimo, preparandolo, per esempio, ai processi digestivi successivi all’assunzione di cibo.
Questo contributo scientifico perché rivela, insomma, la bi-direzionalità della comunicazione cervello-intestino. I risultati suggeriscono che in condizioni di disfunzione metabolica – come la leptin resistenza, comune nell’obesità o, in generale, per i disturbi alimentari – il controllo neurale sul microbiota potrebbe essere compromesso, aprendo la via a potenziali interventi terapeutici mirati alla modulazione dell’ormone della fame e di quello della sazietà.
(Articolo pubblicato sul quotidiano LaRagione del 20 Maggio 2025)Bi-direzionale. Così potremmo definire la comunicazione tra il cervello e l’intestino, ovvero tra i due cervelli: uno in testa l’altro in pancia. Michel D.Gershon, professore di Patologia e Biologia Cellulare, all’Università di Columbia (USA) – definito il padre della neurogastroenterologia – si fece conoscere nel 1998 per un lavoro fondamentale sul controllo neuronale del comportamento gastrointestinale e sullo sviluppo del sistema nervoso enterico (ENS), nel quale sono presenti 500 milioni di neuroni capaci sia di regolare l’attività gastrointestinale sia di influenzare il benessere mentale (stress, ansia e tensioni).
Gli studi precedenti avevano accertato come il microbiota influenzasse il cervello (asse intestino-cervello), ma era meno nota la capacità di quest’ultimo di indirizzare l’ecosistema microbico presente nella cavità intestinale. Una ricerca di un gruppo di scienziati della August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research di Barcellona, pubblicata sulla rivista scientifica “Nature Metabolism”, ha utilizzato metodi avanzati per verificare come specifici segnali neurali, provenienti da regioni dell’ipotalamo, potessero modificare la composizione dei batteri intestinali in tempi estremamente rapidi (da 2 a 4 ore).
Questo studio segna una svolta nel comprendere la bi-direzionalità dell’asse cervello-intestino: una linea di comunicazione che ha il suo corrispettivo, opposto a quello enterico, nell’attività cerebrale che interviene nella combinazione della flora batteria intestinale.
Avvalendosi della chemogenetica – una tecnica utilizzata nelle neuroscienze per controllare l’attività neuronale in modo selettivo e non invasivo – i ricercatori hanno potuto attivare o inibire particolari neuroni nell’ipotalamo, in particolare quelli stimolanti l’appetito o coinvolti nella percezione di sazietà. Questa manipolazione ha prodotto effetti immediati: in alcune regioni intestinali (in particolare nel duodeno), con l’attivazione, si è osservata una fioritura della diversità batterica; mentre in altre, con l’inibizione, si è ottenuto un notevole calo di certe popolazioni batteriche.
Ormoni con funzioni opposte nel metabolismo energetico – come la leptina (che segnala la sazietà) e la grelina (che segnala la fame) – sembrano coordinare la modulazione con il sistema nervoso simpatico che funge da canale per trasmettere questi segnali. In sintesi, l’ipotalamo è il centro di controllo che regola il bilanciamento di questi due ormoni: quando il corpo ha bisogno di energia, aumenta la produzione di grelina e, invece, quando ha riserve sufficienti, la leptina segnala invece la sazietà.
Il lavoro svolto dall’Istituto di Barcellona dimostra che il cervello non è solo influenzato dal microbiota intestinale, ma può anche regolare attivamente, in tempi brevissimi, la composizione di quest’ultimo, preparandolo, per esempio, ai processi digestivi successivi all’assunzione di cibo.
Questo contributo scientifico perché rivela, insomma, la bi-direzionalità della comunicazione cervello-intestino. I risultati suggeriscono che in condizioni di disfunzione metabolica – come la leptin resistenza, comune nell’obesità o, in generale, per i disturbi alimentari – il controllo neurale sul microbiota potrebbe essere compromesso, aprendo la via a potenziali interventi terapeutici mirati alla modulazione dell’ormone della fame e di quello della sazietà
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