Con una complessa ma interessante sentenza, la n. 1048/2025 del 03/06/2025, la Corte d’Appello di Firenze, dopo aver dato atto dell’evoluzione giurisprudenziale in materia di affidamento dei minori, ha fissato dei criteri validi in tema di valutazione sull’opportunità di autorizzare il trasferimento di residenza del minore in modo tale da tutelare il principio di bigenitorialità e, quindi, i diritti del padre.
Il caso analizzato, dapprima dal Tribunale di Firenze e successivamente dalla Corte d’Appello, era estremamente complesso ma da questa complessità è derivata una sentenza che è destinata a fare scuola ed ha finalmente tutelato, in maniera precisa e puntuale, i diritti del padre e del minore. La Corte d’Appello ha chiarito che la conflittualità tra coniugi non basta, da sola, ad escludere l’affidamento condiviso o addirittura disporre l’affidamento del minore al Servizio Sociale.
Per limitare l’affidamento, o escluderlo, occorre prima procedere ad una precisa e puntuale analisi, tramite l’ausilio di un CTU, tanto della reale capacità genitoriale del padre e della madre quanto dell’effetto che una disciplina dell’affidamento diversa dal congiunto può avere sulla serenità, fisica e psicologica, del minore. Questa affermazione è innovativa in quanto spesso i padri vengono accusati di non essere in grado di accudire i figli, accusa fondata non su dati oggettivi ma semplicemente sul fatto che l’idea di educazione o la modalità di rapportarsi con il minore è radicalmente diversa (come è giusto che sia) tra madre e padre. Spesso si parte dalla convinzione, falsa, che la madre sia il genitore più accudente mentre, capita, che l’eccesso di cura determini effetti negativi sulla psicologia del minore (forte insicurezza, incapacità di autodeterminazione etc). La portata innovativa, anche solo di questa parte della sentenza, è ben evidente. Da qui si possono rimettere in discussione tante convinzioni e soprattutto si può concretamente aiutare un padre! Ma ancora, la sentenza chiarisce altri elementi fondamentali come quello del trasferimento della residenza del minore in altro comune o regione, accade molto più frequentemente di ciò che si crede, e dell’effetto negativo che questo trasferimento, spesso frutto di una ripicca più che di una necessità, ha non solo sul minore ma anche e soprattutto sull’altro genitore, prevalentemente il padre. Accade, infatti, che sebbene il Tribunale abbia disposto l‘affido condiviso, con un colpo di coda il padre venga escluso dalla crescita e dalla vita del figlio.
La Corte d’Appello ha chiarito, aprendo la strada a numerose altre pronunce in tal senso, che l’esigenza della madre debba essere contemperata a quella del minore.
Ciò determina diversi effetti. Il primo. Prima di autorizzare il trasferimento, il Tribunale deve valutare che questo sia affettivamente necessario e che determini un effettivo e concreto miglioramento per il minore e per la madre. Il secondo. Va valutato concretamente, anche a livello psicologico, l’effetto che il trasferimento avrà sul minore. Nello specifico si valuterà anche la vita di relazione del bambino, incluso il rapporto con i nonni e la vita scolastica. Il terzo. Il trasferimento sarà autorizzato solo se effettivamente necessario e non destabilizzante, in maniera eccessiva, per il minore. In caso contrario sarà il padre a divenire genitore collocatario prevalente. Di fatto il padre ed il bambino potranno continuare a vivere insieme nel Comune di residenza mentre la madre sarà libera di trasferirsi. E’ chiaro come, innanzi ad una valutazione così articolata, si ridurranno le ipotesi di cambio residenza basate su esigenze infondate, in quanto il timore di essere allontanati dai figli è il miglior deterrente possibile. Ed ancora – questa è la novità più consistente e favorevole per i padri – anche qualora il trasferimento sia autorizzato, i diritti del padre dovranno essere tutelati pur andando contro le classiche formule utilizzate per disciplinare l’affido condiviso. Ad esempio, come indicato dalla Corte, si potranno prevedere video chiamate quotidiane di almeno quindici minuti, i week-end che il minore trascorrerà col padre non saranno più due al mese ma tre ed il trasferimento da un Comune all’altro o da una Regione all’altra non saranno più totalmente o esclusivamente a carico del padre, ma dovranno essere equamente divisi – nelle modalità migliori tenuto conto del caso concreto – tra il padre e la madre.
Non solo, in casi come questo, si applicherà l’esercizio disgiunto della responsabilità genitoriale per le questioni di ordinaria amministrazione. Il che comporta una vera e propria rivoluzione rispetto agli attuali metodi di gestione della quotidianità del minore. Ricordiamo che da Settembre sarà attivo Lo sportello “Papà ha voce” che potrà essere utilizzato via web tramite il servizio di consulenza online di Aduc, anche in presenza ogni martedì e mercoledì dalle 15 alle 18 a Firenze, previo appuntamento da prendere online (www.aduc.it) o per tel.055290606 (1).
Il servizio sarà curato dalle avvocatesse Sara Astorino e Smeralda Cappetti, impegnate da anni in Aduc su diritto di famiglia e diritti genitoriali: https://www.aduc.it/articolo/papa+ha+voce+sportello+legale+padri+separati_39556.php
Sara Astorino, legale, consulente Aduc
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