Il polo scientifico-museale “Malakos” da una settimana base internazionale di studi e ricerche scientifiche “rivoluzionarie” – Team di esperti provenienti da tutta europa, capitanati dal Professor, Philippe Bouchet, uno dei massimi esperti nel settore della malacologia, a Città di Castello per uno studio sulla biodiversità mediterranea
Studiosi, ricercatori, luminari della scienza di tutta Europa a Città di Castello per cercare di scrivere la storia dell’evoluzione delle specie di conchiglie e biodiversità mediterranea. Si è conclusa ieri, a Città di Castello, presso il polo scientifico-museale, “Malakos” a Villa Cappelletti (la struttura privata che può vantare a livello internazionale il maggior numero di conchiglie di ogni specie catalogate, oltre 600mila) la prima intensa settimana di studi e ricerche no-stop, senza precedenti, effettuata da un team internazionale di naturalisti dedicato allo studio della biodiversità mediterranea, intitolato “CORSICA-Malakos 2022”. L’incontro fa parte di un programma di ricerca, coordinato dal Museum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN) di Parigi e a cui partecipa un team internazionale di ricercatori. Il professor, Philippe Bouchet (MNHN), uno dei massimi esperti del settore a livello mondiale, coordina un team francese con un’esperienza pluridecennale nell’organizzazione e lo svolgimento di campagne oceanografiche in tutto il mondo. Per questo progetto, sono state svolte tre campagne oceanografiche in Corsica, nel Maggio 2019 (costa settentrionale), Ottobre 2020 (costa meridionale) e Maggio 2021 (costa orientale). Nel corso delle campagne, sono stati raccolti dati e campioni in quantità senza precedenti per la biologia marina mediterranea, grazie a team di decine di persone impegnate sia in mare a campionare sia a terra a smistare, identificare e preparare dati e campioni raccolti. L’obiettivo del programma è quello di adottare un nuovo approccio all’inventario della Biodiversità, sviluppato e standardizzato negli ultimi decenni dal team MNHN soprattutto nelle aree tropicali degli oceani Indiano, Pacifico ed Atlantico. “Questo approccio – sottolinea, Marco Oliverio, biologo, direttore del dipartimento di biologia e biotecnologia Università Sapienza di Roma – richiede uno sforzo logistico notevole per la raccolta intensiva di dati e campioni, e successivamente unisce approcci tradizionali per lo studio dei campioni con l’uso di metodi e tecnologie di ultima generazione come ad esempio la genetica e la genomica. L’obiettivo del workshop “CORSICA-Malakos 2022” è quello di riunire davanti ai campioni e ai dati di molluschi (chiocciole, patelle, vongole, e tutti i loro numerosissimi parenti) raccolti sul campo, un gruppo di specialisti di questi animali per procedere in maniera collaborativa all’identificazione degli stessi, utilizzando sia lo studio morfologico degli esemplari stessi, sia i dati derivati dal sequenziamento del DNA di oltre 4000 campioni”. Le peculiarità del team sono da una parte il carattere internazionale, con rappresentanti da Francia, Spagna e Italia; ma molto più interessante il fatto che gli specialisti sono in minima parte dei ricercatori universitari o museali, e in gran parte dei ‘dilettanti’, cioè persone che nella vita professionale fanno altro ma hanno acquisito per passione, competenze nel riconoscere le specie di molluschi, che quasi sempre superano di gran lunga quelle dei ‘professionisti’, i quali invece provvedono i dati genetici e il framework scientifico alle operazioni. “Non poteva esserci posto migliore per un’operazione come questa, del Museo Malakos – prosegue Oliverio – da tanto tempo ormai posto di elezione per quella che viene chiamata “Citizen Science”, la scienza fatta dai e con i cittadini. Abbiamo così ad esempio un enologo, un ex militare, un grafico, un orefice, un informatico, un ingegnere, un dietista, che discutono animatamente davanti a delle microscopiche conchiglie (di 2-3 mm di lunghezza) la cui identità viene svelata solo unendo le informazioni dalla loro morfologia, con le sequenze di DNA ottenute dai biologi dai tessuti delle ancor più microscopiche chioccioline che le abitavano. A metà del workshop si stima di aver catalogato già oltre 900-950 specie tra gli oltre 117.000 campioni, e sono già state annotate numerose specie sconosciute alla scienza”. “Abbiamo iniziato prima con un piccolo workshop a ottobre, per decidere le regole del gioco e poi abbiamo poi deciso di venire a Città di castello, che si trova in posizione strategica e Gianluigi Bini ci ha ospitato qui, come racchiusi in un monastero per una settimana – dichiara il professor Philippe Bouchet, che evidenzia il carattere innovativo del progetto: “in realtà fino ad ora non è stato effettuato il sequenziamento del DNA nella maggior parte delle specie Mediterranee, quindi stiamo contribuendo non solo alla conoscenza della Corsica, ma di tutto il mar Mediterraneo.” “La determinazione delle specie e la sistematica non è una novità – rilancia Manuel Caballer, Professore all’American University of Paris – ma quello che facciamo ora è rivoluzionario. Siamo andati in questa isola la Corsica per 3 spedizioni, abbiamo studiato tutta la fauna di molluschi che ci era possibile. Noi eravamo lì, non li abbiamo catturati ed è molto importante per gli studi della biodiversità poiché tutti i gruppi sono connessi tra loro. Possiamo dire che la diversità di un gruppo può farci stimare la diversità di tutti i gruppi.” Si replicherà con ricerche e analisi di dati il prossimo 28 e 29 maggio e poi il team di esperti internazionali tirerà le somme di una spedizione unica, mai fatta in questi termini. “Ospitare gli specialisti del Museo Nazionale di Storia Naturale di Parigi e collaborare con il più importante centro di ricerca del mondo per la malacologia è una cosa che non avrei mai osato sognare. Ci sono tante strutture universitarie in Italia e vari musei che si occupano di questa materia ed aver scelto proprio noi è una delle più grandi soddisfazioni che io e le mie due insostituibili collaboratrici potevano avere; vuol dire che, se pur il nostro museo è giovanissimo, abbiamo lavorato bene”, ha dichiaratto il professor, Gianluigi Bini, 70 anni, biologo fiorentino trapiantato da oltre 20 anni a Città di Castello, fondatore nel 2005 di “Malakos”, affiancato dalla dottoressa Debora Nucci, Biologa, responsabile della direzione operativa del museo e di tutte le iniziative didattiche, e della dottoressa Beatrice Santucci (Naturalista e Biologa dell’Evoluzione) che da circa oltre un anno si occupa della ricerca, appena terminata la prima settimana d studi nel corso di un incontro con il sindaco di Citta’ di Castello e l’assessore alla Cultura. LA SCHEDA – MUSEO MALAKOSE’ la collezione privata di conchiglie più grande d’Europa, con circa 600mila esemplari catalogati. Il museo presso Villa Cappelletti è il frutto del lavoro decennale del biologo Gianluigi Bini, fiorentino di nascita ma tifernate d’adozione, che ha raccolto e studiato circa 15mila specie diverse, provenienti da ogni angolo del mondo, dal Polo Nord al Mare Adriatico. Il Museo. Malakos, a piano terra di Villa Capelletti, nel complesso del Centro delle tradizioni popolari “Livio Dalla Ragione” si compone di quaranta teche e quasi 3000 esemplari, disposti come un viaggio esplorativo del mondo attraverso le conchiglie di tutti i mari. La sezione di biologia introduce al mondo dei molluschi con le loro incredibili curiosità; la sala di paleontologia ricostruisce come si è formata la terra con esemplari di invertebrati del lontano passato. Le sale di biogeografia illustrano la fauna e le abitudini di vita di ogni mare. Inoltre le teche propongono ambienti inusuali come i pericolosi mangrovieti e le zone abissali, esemplari curiosi come lumache di terra dalle dimensioni decisamente extralarge e predatori marini dal veleno mortale. Malakos ospita al suo interno anche un’imponente barriera corallina, ricostruita da materiali di un sequestro del corpo forestale dello stato con specie mai viste
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