La nascita della Repubblica al termine della seconda guerra mondiale e le vicende alterne della festa nazionale Quale avvenimento si celebra nel giorno della Festa della Repubblica? Andiamo con ordine. Il 2 giugno del 1946 si è svolto il Referendum nel quale gli italiani sono stati chiamati a scegliere fra Repubblica e Monarchia.
L’Italia era da poco uscita dalla seconda guerra mondiale. L’8 settembre del 1943 Badoglio firma l’armistizio con gli americani. Con l’armistizio di Cassibile (detto anche armistizio corto) l’Italia firmò la resa incondizionata agli Alleati. Da quel momento i tedeschi diventano nostri nemici e comincia la guerra di Liberazione dal nazifascismo. Una fase del conflitto che terminerà il 25 aprile del 1945 giorno in cui è il giorno in cui il Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale Alta Italia (CLNAI), che aveva sede a Milano, ordinò l’insurrezione generale dei territori occupati dando il là alla liberazione delle città del Nord ancora controllate dai tedeschi. Gli alleati Americano il 9 luglio del 1943 erano sbarcati in Sicilia risalendo progressivamente la Penisola.
Il referendum
Il 2 giugno del 1946 si svolse dunque il Referendum nel quale gli italiani furno chiamati a scegliere fra Repubblica e Monarchia. Furono le prime votazioni nazionali a suffragio universale a cui parteciparono per la prima volta in Italia anche le donne (la maggiore età era fissata a 21 anni). Al Referendum parteciparono 24.946.878 italiani (esclusi quindi gli abitanti dell’Alto Adige e di Trieste). Tra questi 12.718.641 (il 54,27%) scelse la Repubblica, contro i 10.718.502 che scelsero la Monarchia. Contestualmente furono votati i rappresentati della Costituenete, cioè i Parlamenteri che avrebbero dovuto scrivere la Costituzione.
Dopo una fase di contestazioni, richieste di riconteggi nei quali la tensione salì tanto da far temere lo scoppio di una guerra civile, il re Umberto non riconobbe la Repubblica e lasciò l’Italia. Nei mesi successivi l’Assemblea lavorò alla Costituzione che approvata il 22 dicembre 1947 e promulgata dal capo provvisorio dello Stato Enrico De Nicola il 27 dicembre seguente ed entrò in vigore il primo gennaio 1948. La Costituzione conteneva anche queste la XIII Disposizione transitoria che stabiliva l’esilio dei Savoia. Norma cancellata nel 2002. Grazie a ciò Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia e suo figlio Emanuele Filiberto di Savoia giurarono per iscritto «fedeltà alla Costituzione repubblicana e al nostro presidente della Repubblica». Nel 2003 i discendenti di casa Savoia poterono rientrare in Italia.
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