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Come è stato costruito l’Eurotunnel che attraversa la Manica

Vector map of the Channel Tunnel which connects Great Britain with mainland Europe

Ci sono voluti 7 anni, 4000 operai e un’arma segreta, la geologia, per realizzare la sfida ingegneristica più audace del XX secolo.L’Eurotunnel, o Tunnel della Manica, è lungo 50,45 km e collega Folkestone, in Inghilterra, a Coquelles, in Francia -vicino Calais, in soli 35 minuti di traversata. Si tratta di un’incredibile opera di ingegneria caratterizza dalla galleria sottomarina più lunga al mondo con una sezione subacquea che si estende per 39 km sotto il fondale del canale della Manica

L’intera infrastruttura è composta da due tunnel ferroviari dal diametro di 7,6 m e da un tunnel di servizio, in caso di emergenze, dal diametro di 4,8 m. Per costruirlo ci sono voluti 7 anni, 4000 operai e un’arma segreta: la geologia. Attraverso lo studio geologico del sottosuolo è stato possibile stabilire la traiettoria dello scavo e il percorso che avrebbe seguito l’Eurotunnel.La tecnica di costruzione del Tunnel della ManicaMa come è stato costruito il tunnel della Manica? La grande sfida da affrontare era capire a che profondità posizionare il tunnel e quale livello geologico perforare. Una delle tecniche chiave è stata la cosiddetta “riflessione sismica”, una specie di radiografia del terreno che permette di visualizzare gli strati geologici e se sono ondulati, deformati o attraversati da faglie. Per realizzare la perforazione sono state usate delle trivelle che si chiamano Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM): queste “talpe meccaniche” hanno una lunghezza di 200 m, un diametro di 7,6 m e un disco rotante con lame in acciaio, e sono in grado di scavare 36 mila tonnellate di roccia al giorno.La TBM è comandata da un sistema computerizzato che, insieme a un laser, calcola la traiettoria. Mentre la fresa avanza la TBM crea poi un anello di rivestimento della galleria in cemento armato, composto da 5 segmenti curvi chiamati conci, che servono a resistere all’intensa pressione dall’alto.Il 1° dicembre 1990 il team francese e inglese si sono incontrati a metà strada, con uno scarto in altezza di solo 35 cm grazie alle costanti misurazioni. I due tunnel completati sono dotati di 245 passaggi per raggiungere la galleria di emergenza, di porte tagliafuoco e di un sistema di raffreddamento e di aerazione ad altissima efficienza. L’unico modo per attraversare il tunnel è in treno, come l’alta velocità che ti porta da Parigi a Londra in sole due ore, o il servizio navetta per automezzi chiamato “le Shuttle”.Questo treno è molto particolare perché imbarca tutto il veicolo con cui stai viaggiando fino a transito completato, portandoti da Calais a Folkestone in soli 35 minuti.Fonte: Geopop A cura di Videostorie

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14 thoughts on “Come è stato costruito l’Eurotunnel che attraversa la Manica”

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