1860 Quando il sud Italia era più industrializzato del nord europa |

Le regioni più industrializzate d’ Italia, prima del 1860, erano la Campania, la Calabria e la Puglia: per i livelli di industrializzazione le Due Sicilie si collocavano ai primi posti in Europa. In Calabria erano famose le acciaierie di Mongiana, con due altiforni per la ghisa, due forni Wilkinson per il ferro e sei raffinerie, occupava 2.500 operai.

L’industria decentrata della seta occupava oltre 3.000 persone.La piu’ grande fabbrica metalmeccanica del Regno era quella di Pietrarsa, (fra Napoli e Portici), con oltre 1200 addetti: un record per l’Italia di allora. Dietro Pietrarsa c’era l’Ansaldo di Genova, con 400 operai. Lo stabilimento napoletano produceva macchine a vapore, locomotive, motori navali, precedendo di 44 anni la Breda e la Fiat.A Castellammare di Stabia, dalla fine del XVIII secolo, operavano i cantieri navali più importanti e tecnologicamente avanzati d’Italia. In questo cantiere fu allestita la prima nave a vapore, il Real Ferdinando, 4 anni prima della prima nave a vapore inglese. Da Castellammare di uscirono la prima nave a elica d’ Italia e la prima nave in ferro. La tecnologia era entrata anche in agricoltura, dove per la produzione dell’olio in Puglia erano usati impianti meccanici che accrebbero fortemente la produzione.L’ Abruzzo era importante per le cartiere (forti anche quelle del Basso Lazio e della Penisola Amalfitana), la fabbricazione delle lame e le industrie tessili. La Sicilia esportava zolfo, preziosissimo allora, specie nella provincia di Caltanissetta, all’ epoca una delle città più ricche e industrializzate d’ Italia. In Sicilia c’erano porti commerciali da cui partivano navi per tutto il mondo, Stati Uniti ed Americhe specialmente. Importante, infine era l’ industria chimica della Sicilia che produceva tutti i componenti e i materiali sintetici conosciuti allora, acidi, vernici, vetro.Puglia e Basilicata erano importanti per i lanifici e le industrie tessili, molte delle quali gia’ motorizzate. La tecnologia era entrata anche in agricoltura, dove per la produzione dell’olio in Puglia erano usati impianti meccanici che accrebbero fortemente la produzione. Le macchine agricole pugliesi erano considerate fra le migliori d’Europa. La Borsa più importante del regno era, infine, quella di Bari.Una volta occupate le Due Sicilie, il governo di Torino iniziò lo smantellamento “cinico e sistematico” del tessuto industriale di quelle che erano divenute le “province meridionali”. Pietrarsa (dove nel 1862 i bersaglieri compirono un sanguinoso eccidio di operai per difendere le pretese del padrone privato cui fu affidata la fabbrica) fu condannata a un inarrestabile declino. Nei cantieri di Castellammare furono licenziati in tronco 400 operai.Le acciaierie di Mongiana furono rapidamente chiuse, mentre la Ferdinandea di Stilo (con ben 5000 ettari di boschi circostanti) fu venduta per pochi soldi a un “colonnello garibaldino”, giunto in Calabria al seguito dei “liberatori”

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